PPT Slide
thermodynamic system--> a system composed of a large number of particles N---30
closed system --> the number of particles (entities) in the system is fixed
isolated system --> a system which does not change energy and particles with the exterior
adiabatically isolated system --> a system which does not change heat and particles with the exterior.
heat bath --> a huge system, providing a constant temperature for smaller systems in contact with it.
thermodynamic limit--> N--> infinity or V--> infinity
macroscopic parameters--> parameters that characterize the total system (composed of many basic entities) ex. P, V, T, U, S ...
measurable parameters --> parameters that can be directly measured:
thermodynamic potentials --> macroscopic parameters that are function of the measurable parameters, cannot be directly measured: ex. U, S, F, G etc...
microscopic parameters--> characterizes one basic entity, or statistically the basic entities (molecules) ex. v, m, x,y,z …
thermodynamic equilibrium --> the macroscopic parameters do not change in time.
intensive parameters --> in thermodynamic equilibrium their value for the whole system is the same as the value for a part of the sytsem. Ex. P, T...
extensive parameters --> in thermodynamic equilibrium their value for the whole system is the sum of the values for the parts. Ex. V, N, U ...
macrostate--> a state of the whole thermodynamic system, characterized by macroscopic parameters
microstate--> a state where the microscopic parameters of the constituents are given
stochastic--> random --> apparently non-deterministic
equation of state --> a relation between the measurable parameters (P,V,T,N…)
caloric equation of state --> expressing U as a function of T and all other extensive measurable parameters
thermodynamic process --> a process where the macroscopic parameters are changing in time
quasistatic process --> a very slow thermodynamic process, where the parameters change so slowly in time, that the system at each moment can be regarded with a good approximation in equilibrium.
reversible process --> a process that can take place spontaneously in reverse direction too, going through the same intermediate states.
irreversible process --> a process that will not take place spontaneously in reverse direction too, going through the same intermediate states